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\begin{document}
\title{The Neutrino Superbeam from the AGS}
\author{W.T.~Weng, D.~Beavis, M.~Brennan, M.~Diwan, R.~Fernow, J.~Gallardo, S.~Kahn, H.~Kirk, D.~Lowenstein, W.~Marciano, I.~Marneris, W.~Morse, Z.~Parsa, R.~Palmer, D.~Raparia, T.~Roser, A.~Ruggiero, J.~Sandberg, N.~Samios, Y.~Semertzidis, N.~Simos, N.~Tsoupas and B.~Viren}
\address{Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA}
\ead{weng@bnl.gov}

\section{Introduction}
We have examined \cite{ref:ref1} possible upgrades to the AGS complex that would meet the requirements for the proton beam for a 1 MW neutrino super beam facility.  Those requirements are summarized in Table 1 and a layout of the upgraded AGS is shown in Figure 1.

We are proposing here to build a superconducting upgrade to the existing 200 MeV Linac to an energy of 1.2 GeV for direct H$^-$ injection into the AGS.  This will be discussed in the next section.  The required upgrade of the AGS power supply and the AGS rf system can be found in reference [1].  The target design and the decay channel will be described in third section and the upgrade to 4 MW will be covered in the fourth section.
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{\label{tab:tab1}AGS Proton Driver Parameters.}
\begin{indented}
\item[]
\begin{tabular}{@{}llll}
\br
Total beam power & 1 MW & Protons per bunch & $0.4\times 10^{13}$ \\
Beam energy & 28 GeV & Injection turns & 230 \\
Average beam current & 42 $\mu$A & Repetition rate & 2.5 Hz \\
Cycle time & 400 ms & Pulse length & 0.72 ms \\
Number of protons per fill & $9\times 10^{13}$ & Chopping rate & 0.75 \\
Number of bunches per fill & 24 & Linac average/peak current & 20/30 mA \\
\br
\end{tabular}
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\end{table}

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\caption{\label{fig1}AGS Proton Driver Layout.}
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\section{Superconducting Linac}
The superconducting linacs accelerate the proton beam from 200 MeV to 1.2 GeV.  The presented configuration follows a similar design described in detail [2].  All three linacs are built up from a sequence of identical periods.  The major parameters of the three sections of the SCL are given in Table 2. The low energy section operates at 805 MHz and accelerates proton from 200 to 400 MeV.  The following two sections, accelerating to 800 MeV and 1.2 GeV respectively, operate at 1.61 GHz.  A higher frequency is desirable for obtaining a larger accelerating gradient with a more compact structure and reduced cost.  The SCL will be operated at $2^o$K for the assurance of reaching the desired gradient.
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\begin{table}[h]
\caption{\label{tab:tab2}General Parameters of the SCL.}
\begin{indented}
\item[]\begin{tabular}{@{}llll}
\br
Linac Section & LE & ME & HE \\
\mr
Average Beam Power, kW & 7.14 & 14.0 & 14.0 \\
Average Beam Current, $\mu$A & 35.7 & 35.7 & 35.7 \\
Initial Kinetic Energy, MeV & 200 & 400 & 800 \\
Final Kinetic Energy, MeV & 400 & 800 & 1200 \\
Cell Reference $\beta_0$ & 0.615 & 0.755 & 0.887 \\
Frequency, MHz & 805 & 1610 & 1610 \\
Cells/Cavity & 8 & 8 & 8 \\
Cavities/Cryo-Module & 4 & 4 & 4 \\
Cavity Internal Diameter, cm & 10 & 5 & 5 \\
Total Length, m & 37.82 & 41.40 & 38.32 \\
Accelerating Gradient, MeV/m & 10.8 & 23.5 & 23.4 \\
Cavities/Klystron & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
Norm. rms Emittance, $\pi$mm-mrad & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\
Rms Bunch Area, $\pi^o$MeV (805 MHz) & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\
\br
\end{tabular}
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\end{table}


\section{Target Station and Neutrino Beam [3]}
To achieve the 1 MW upgrade option of the proton driver at BNL, serious consideration must be given to the target selection.  In evaluating the various choices of target materials and of target/horn configurations, the following concerns are being addressed:
\begin{itemize}
\item Optimization of neutrino flux,
\item Heat removal from the target and horn,
\item Survivability of the target intercepting energetic, high intensity proton bunches,
\item Irradiation and integration issues.
\end{itemize}

The design of the target/horn configuration is shown in Fig. 2.
The material selected for the superbeam experiment is a Carbon-Carbon composite. It is 3-D weaved material and exhibits extremely low thermal expension
for the temperatures up to 1000$^{\circ}$ C while for the higher temperatures it responds like graphite. This property is significant in the sense that the thermoelastic stresses induced by intercepting the beam will be quite small thus extending the life of the target.

\begin{figure}[t]
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\caption{\label{fig2}Proposed graphite target and horn configuration.}
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\caption{\label{fig3}Wide band horn focused muon neutrino spectrum for 28 GeV protons on a Carbon target.  Spectrum of neutrinos are calculated at various angles with respect to the 200 m decay tunnel axis at the AGS and at a distance of 1 km from the target.}
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In the current option the target is an 80-cm long cylindrical rod with 12 mm diameter sizes. The 12 mm diameter target is chosen to intercept 100 TP, 2 mm rms proton beam. With this beam size, the total energy deposited as heat in the target is 7.3 kJ with peak temperature rise of about 280$^\circ$C. Heat will be removed from the target through forced convection of helium through the outside surface.The resultant $\nu_\mu$ spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. Which is used to study various neutrino proceses and event rates at distant target.





The extracted beam will come into the existing U-line at the AGS, but it has to climb to a high hill for the target and decay channel.  The hill arrangement is to keep the target and hadronic decay well above the water table in Long Island.  The  $11\deg$ incline is suitable for aiming at Homestake site in South Dakota.  A sketch of the hill is shown in Fig. 4.
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\caption{\label{fig4}Elevation view of the neutrino beam line to Homestake, South Dakota.}
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\section{Upgrade to 4 MW}
The AGS-based neutrino superbeam can be further upgraded to 4 MW by 1) increase the linac energy to 1.5 GeV; 2) increase the AGS intensity to $1.8\times 10^{14}$ ppp, and 3) increase the AGS rep rate to 5.0 Hz.  The associated problem in beam dynamics, power supply, rf system, beam losses and radiation protection are under study and shown to be feasible if such a capability is required by the physics experiments.

\section*{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{3}
\bibitem{ref:ref1}Neutrino Factory Feasibility Study II, http://server.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/studyii/

\bibitem{ref:ref2}Ruggiero, A.G., A Superconducting Linac as a New Injector to the BNL AGS, BNL Internal Report, C-A/AP/40, February 2001.

\bibitem{ref:ref3}Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments, Letter of Intent to BNL PAC, D. Beavis, M. Diwan, \etal October 2002.
\end{thebibliography}

\ack
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy.

\end{document}
\begin{abstract}
BNL could provide a Megawatt class neutrino beam from the AGS for very long baseline neutrino experiments.  The design requires a new superconducting linac injector of 1.2 GeV, then accelerates $9\times 10^{13}$ proton per pulse in the AGS to 28 GeV at 2.5 Hz.  Such a facility can provide 1 MW beam power for neutrino production.  Further upgrade to 4 MW capability can be achieved by increasing the linac energy to 1.5 GeV, and doubling AGS intensity to $1.8\times 10^{14}$ ppp and rep rate to 5 Hz.  
\end{abstract}
