IDS Wiki

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-22T14:34:28Z

converted to 1.6 markup

  #acl chrisRogers:read,write IDSUsersGroup:read All:read
  
  = Information for the General Public =
-  * [#neu What are neutrinos?]
+  * [[#neu|What are neutrinos?]]
  
-  * [#nf What is a Neutrino Factory?]
+  * [[#nf|What is a Neutrino Factory?]]
  
-  * [#nfdetail How do you build a Neutrino Factory?]
+  * [[#nfdetail|How do you build a Neutrino Factory?]]
  
  
- [[Anchor(neu)]]
+ <<Anchor(neu)>>
  == What are neutrinos? ==
  During the 20th and 21st century, physicists have attempted to understand the fundamental building blocks of our universe. They have found evidence for many different particles that seem to make up the world about us. These particles come in several different sorts.
  
@@ -18, +18 @@

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
...

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-10T21:00:13Z

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
- ||<tablewidth="50%">attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%":>attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
  ||''The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.''||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to understand.
@@ -48, +48 @@

  == How do you build a Neutrino Factory? ==
  A Neutrino Factory is constructed of many different parts. We need to make a beam of muons and then accelerate them up to high energy. Then we need to store the muons while they decay into neutrinos, and build detectors to measure the neutrino beam.
  
- ||<tablewidth="50%">:<:>attachment:NF-Layout.png||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%":>attachment:NF-Layout.png||
  ||''A schematic of the particle accelerator facility for muon production and acceleration. Protons are created in the proton driver, shown at the top, before being accelerated onto a target where pions are created. These decay to muons, which are accelerated through a number of sections before entering the muon storage ring where they can decay.''||
  
  === How can I make a muon beam? ===
@@ -71, +71 @@

  
  The detectors work by measuring particles such as electrons that are produced when neutrinos hit the material. These particles can be detected in a number of different ways. One method is to put material called ''scintillator'' into the detector. Scintillator emits a tiny flash of light every time a particle passes through, which can be detected using very sensitive cameras. Another method is to measure Cerenkov light. This is a form of light that some particles emit in a cone along their direction of travel; it can be measured in another sort of sensitive camera. Also it is possible to put photographic emulsion in the path of the particles. The particles will leave a tiny defect in the emulsion, similar to the process which makes a photograph using light photons. This defect can be seen by eye or measured using automated robots. A final method to detect these particles is to put high voltage cables through some material. The passage of particles causes sparks to form at the cables which produces an electric signal that can be measured.
...

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-10T20:59:41Z

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
- ||<tablewidth="50%">:attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%">attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
  ||''The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.''||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to understand.
@@ -39, +39 @@

  == What is a Neutrino Factory? ==
  A Neutrino Factory is a special facility that we hope to build, designed for the study of neutrino oscillation. In a Neutrino Factory, physicists will make a beam of high energy muons. This is a sort of lepton, like a heavy electron. Muons are unstable particles that decay into neutrinos. By pointing the muons in the right direction as they decay, we can fire neutrinos at detectors on the far side of the earth. If the neutrino beam is measured before as it leaves the end of the muon accelerator and again as it comes out of the far side of the world, we can look to see if the mix of the beam has changed; and hence observe neutrino oscillations.
  
- ||<tablewidth="50%"><:>:attachment:NF_Overview_with_detector.jpg||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%":>attachment:NF_Overview_with_detector.jpg||
  ||''Neutrinos are manufactured at the muon facility, here shown in North America, and pass through the earth's mantle to a detector, here shown in India.''||
  
  By using muons to make neutrinos, we can make a source of neutrinos that is ''pure'', ''intense'' and ''high energy'', and both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos can be produced. Each of these characteristics makes our measurements more precise; a pure beam means that we can understand the mixture of neutrinos in our beam very well; an intense beam means that we can look for oscillation with lots of neutrinos; and a high energy beam means that the chance of seeing each neutrino is higher. The presence of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos means that we can measure the difference between matter and antimatter. Together these factors make for a very precise experiment.

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-10T20:59:13Z

The detectors work by measuring particles such as electrons that are produced when neutrinos hit the material. These particles can be detected in a number of different ways. One method is to put material called ''scintillator'' into the detector. Scintillator emits a tiny flash of light every time a particle passes through, which can be detected using very sensitive cameras. Another method is to measure Cerenkov light. This is a form of light that some particles emit in a cone along their direction of travel; it can be measured in another sort of sensitive camera. Also it is possible to put photographic emulsion in the path of the particles. The particles will leave a tiny defect in the emulsion, similar to the process which makes a photograph using light photons. This defect can be seen by eye or measured using automated robots. A final method to detect these particles is to put high voltage cables through some material. The passage of particles causes sparks to form at the cables which produces an electric signal that can be measured.

- ||<tablewidth="50%"><:>:attachment:MIND.png||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%"><:>attachment:MIND.png||
||''A schematic of a Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector. Alternating plates of steel and scintillator are used to study particles created as neutrinos interact with the detector material.''||

These detectors share several features. They are usually magnetised so that we can tell the difference between matter and anti-matter. Charged particles travel in circles in magnetic fields. Anti-particles of charged particles have the opposite charge, which means that they circulate in the opposite direction. By measuring the direction of circulation of particles we can assess the charge and so examine whether particles are matter or anti-matter, and so assess whether the original particle in the neutrino beam was a neutrino or anti-neutrino.

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:39:05Z

  ||<tablewidth="50%">:attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
  ||''The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.''||
  
- Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.
+ Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to understand.
  
   * Neutrinos hardly interact with matter at all. If I were to try to catch a neutrino it would take a lot of material before it slowed down.
   * Neutrinos have hardly any mass. If I could give a neutrino a push, it wouldn't take much effort to make it travel very quickly.

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:12:07Z

  A Neutrino Factory is constructed of many different parts. We need to make a beam of muons and then accelerate them up to high energy. Then we need to store the muons while they decay into neutrinos, and build detectors to measure the neutrino beam.
  
  ||<tablewidth="50%">:<:>attachment:NF-Layout.png||
- ||''A schematic of the particle accelerator facility for muon production and acceleration. Protons are created in the proton driver, shown at the top, before being accelerated onto a target where pions are created. These decay to muons, which are accelerated through a number of accelerating sections before entering the muon storage ring where they can decay.''||
+ ||''A schematic of the particle accelerator facility for muon production and acceleration. Protons are created in the proton driver, shown at the top, before being accelerated onto a target where pions are created. These decay to muons, which are accelerated through a number of sections before entering the muon storage ring where they can decay.''||
  
  === How can I make a muon beam? ===
  Muons can be made from protons - one of the constituents of atomic nuclei. The protons are accelerated to high energy and then fired into a high energy target, where they make particles called pions, which quickly decay into muons.

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:11:14Z

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
- ||<:50%>attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%">:attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
- ||<:50%>''The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.''||
+ ||''The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.''||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.
  
@@ -39, +39 @@

  == What is a Neutrino Factory? ==
  A Neutrino Factory is a special facility that we hope to build, designed for the study of neutrino oscillation. In a Neutrino Factory, physicists will make a beam of high energy muons. This is a sort of lepton, like a heavy electron. Muons are unstable particles that decay into neutrinos. By pointing the muons in the right direction as they decay, we can fire neutrinos at detectors on the far side of the earth. If the neutrino beam is measured before as it leaves the end of the muon accelerator and again as it comes out of the far side of the world, we can look to see if the mix of the beam has changed; and hence observe neutrino oscillations.
  
- ||<:>attachment:NF_Overview_with_detector.jpg||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%"><:>:attachment:NF_Overview_with_detector.jpg||
  ||''Neutrinos are manufactured at the muon facility, here shown in North America, and pass through the earth's mantle to a detector, here shown in India.''||
  
  By using muons to make neutrinos, we can make a source of neutrinos that is ''pure'', ''intense'' and ''high energy'', and both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos can be produced. Each of these characteristics makes our measurements more precise; a pure beam means that we can understand the mixture of neutrinos in our beam very well; an intense beam means that we can look for oscillation with lots of neutrinos; and a high energy beam means that the chance of seeing each neutrino is higher. The presence of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos means that we can measure the difference between matter and antimatter. Together these factors make for a very precise experiment.
@@ -48, +48 @@

...

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:09:56Z

- ||<:50%>attachment:MIND.png||
+ ||<tablewidth="50%">:attachment:MIND.png||
- ||<:50%>''A schematic of a Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector. Alternating plates of steel and scintillator are used to study particles created as neutrinos interact with the detector material.''||
+ ||<:>''A schematic of a Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector. Alternating plates of steel and scintillator are used to study particles created as neutrinos interact with the detector material.''||

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:08:28Z

   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
  ||<:50%>attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
- ||<:50%>The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.||
+ ||<:50%>''The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.''||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.
  
@@ -40, +40 @@

  A Neutrino Factory is a special facility that we hope to build, designed for the study of neutrino oscillation. In a Neutrino Factory, physicists will make a beam of high energy muons. This is a sort of lepton, like a heavy electron. Muons are unstable particles that decay into neutrinos. By pointing the muons in the right direction as they decay, we can fire neutrinos at detectors on the far side of the earth. If the neutrino beam is measured before as it leaves the end of the muon accelerator and again as it comes out of the far side of the world, we can look to see if the mix of the beam has changed; and hence observe neutrino oscillations.
  
  ||<:>attachment:NF_Overview_with_detector.jpg||
- ||Neutrinos are manufactured at the muon facility, here shown in North America, and pass through the earth's mantle to a detector, here shown in India||
+ ||''Neutrinos are manufactured at the muon facility, here shown in North America, and pass through the earth's mantle to a detector, here shown in India.''||
  
  By using muons to make neutrinos, we can make a source of neutrinos that is ''pure'', ''intense'' and ''high energy'', and both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos can be produced. Each of these characteristics makes our measurements more precise; a pure beam means that we can understand the mixture of neutrinos in our beam very well; an intense beam means that we can look for oscillation with lots of neutrinos; and a high energy beam means that the chance of seeing each neutrino is higher. The presence of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos means that we can measure the difference between matter and antimatter. Together these factors make for a very precise experiment.
  
@@ -49, +49 @@

  A Neutrino Factory is constructed of many different parts. We need to make a beam of muons and then accelerate them up to high energy. Then we need to store the muons while they decay into neutrinos, and build detectors to measure the neutrino beam.
  
...

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:07:13Z

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
- ||<:>attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||<:50%>attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
- ||The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.||
+ ||<:50%>The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.
  
@@ -71, +71 @@

  
  The detectors work by measuring particles such as electrons that are produced when neutrinos hit the material. These particles can be detected in a number of different ways. One method is to put material called ''scintillator'' into the detector. Scintillator emits a tiny flash of light every time a particle passes through, which can be detected using very sensitive cameras. Another method is to measure Cerenkov light. This is a form of light that some particles emit in a cone along their direction of travel; it can be measured in another sort of sensitive camera. Also it is possible to put photographic emulsion in the path of the particles. The particles will leave a tiny defect in the emulsion, similar to the process which makes a photograph using light photons. This defect can be seen by eye or measured using automated robots. A final method to detect these particles is to put high voltage cables through some material. The passage of particles causes sparks to form at the cables which produces an electric signal that can be measured.
  
- ||<:>attachment:MIND.png||
+ ||<:50%>attachment:MIND.png||
- ||A schematic of a Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector. Alternating plates of steel and scintillator are used to study particles created as neutrinos interact with the detector material.||
+ ||<:50%>A schematic of a Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector. Alternating plates of steel and scintillator are used to study particles created as neutrinos interact with the detector material.||
  
  These detectors share several features. They are usually magnetised so that we can tell the difference between matter and anti-matter. Charged particles travel in circles in magnetic fields. Anti-particles of charged particles have the opposite charge, which means that they circulate in the opposite direction. By measuring the direction of circulation of particles we can assess the charge and so examine whether particles are matter or anti-matter, and so assess whether the original particle in the neutrino beam was a neutrino or anti-neutrino.
...

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:06:16Z

  == What is a Neutrino Factory? ==
  A Neutrino Factory is a special facility that we hope to build, designed for the study of neutrino oscillation. In a Neutrino Factory, physicists will make a beam of high energy muons. This is a sort of lepton, like a heavy electron. Muons are unstable particles that decay into neutrinos. By pointing the muons in the right direction as they decay, we can fire neutrinos at detectors on the far side of the earth. If the neutrino beam is measured before as it leaves the end of the muon accelerator and again as it comes out of the far side of the world, we can look to see if the mix of the beam has changed; and hence observe neutrino oscillations.
  
- attachment:NF_Overview_with_detector.jpg
+ ||<:>attachment:NF_Overview_with_detector.jpg||
+ ||Neutrinos are manufactured at the muon facility, here shown in North America, and pass through the earth's mantle to a detector, here shown in India||
  
  By using muons to make neutrinos, we can make a source of neutrinos that is ''pure'', ''intense'' and ''high energy'', and both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos can be produced. Each of these characteristics makes our measurements more precise; a pure beam means that we can understand the mixture of neutrinos in our beam very well; an intense beam means that we can look for oscillation with lots of neutrinos; and a high energy beam means that the chance of seeing each neutrino is higher. The presence of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos means that we can measure the difference between matter and antimatter. Together these factors make for a very precise experiment.
  
@@ -47, +48 @@

  == How do you build a Neutrino Factory? ==
  A Neutrino Factory is constructed of many different parts. We need to make a beam of muons and then accelerate them up to high energy. Then we need to store the muons while they decay into neutrinos, and build detectors to measure the neutrino beam.
  
- attachment:NF-Layout.png
+ ||<:>attachment:NF-Layout.png||
+ ||A schematic of the particle accelerator facility for muon production and acceleration. Protons are created in the proton driver, shown at the top, before being accelerated onto a target where pions are created. These decay to muons, which are accelerated through a number of accelerating sections before entering the muon storage ring where they can decay.||
  
  === How can I make a muon beam? ===
  Muons can be made from protons - one of the constituents of atomic nuclei. The protons are accelerated to high energy and then fired into a high energy target, where they make particles called pions, which quickly decay into muons.
@@ -69, +71 @@

...

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T11:00:06Z

   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
  ||<:>attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
- ||<:>The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.||
+ ||The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T10:58:28Z

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
- ||attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||<:>attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
  ||<:>The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T10:58:04Z

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
- ||<:100%> attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||<:>The Standard Model of particle physics. Neutrinos are a type of lepton, shown with their charged partner-lepton in green.||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.

FrontPage/GeneralInfo

2009-05-08T10:55:57Z

   * ''Quarks'' often have high mass and interact very strongly with each other. They make up the heavy nuclei that sit at the centre of atoms.
   * ''Leptons'' are usually lower in mass and don't interact as strongly as quarks. Electrons that make up the outside of atoms are a sort of lepton. Neutrinos are also a sort of lepton.
  
- ||<:> attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
+ ||<:100%> attachment:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.png||
  
  Leptons come in two different types. There are charged leptons - electrons, muons and taus; and neutrinos - one for each of the charged leptons. Electrons are the most familiar lepton - these are the particles that sit on the outside of an atom to make up the rich tapestry of chemicals in the universe. Their cousins, the neutrinos, are ghost particles, which the Neutrino Factory is designed to study. In particular, neutrinos have several special properties that we would like to study.